Malic acid
Malic acid is a type of organic acid found in vegetables, fruits, dried plums, and vinegar. It inhibits active oxygen, reduces inflammation, and relaxes nerves and muscles.
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Acetic acid
Acetic acid is the main ingredient of vinegar sourness, a colorless liquid with a pungent odor and sour taste. In living organisms, it is an important component of substance metabolism.
Citric acid
Citric acid is a type of sour ingredient found in vinegar and citrus fruits. It is an essential ingredient for human life, as this acidic component metabolizes sugar in the body to produce important energy.
Organic compounds
Organic compounds are substances that have a carbon atom backbone and can form complex molecular structures by bonding with various elements. Due to the presence of multiple functional groups, organic compounds can form molecules with widely varying chemical properties and reactivity.
Substrate
Substrate is the substance upon which an enzyme acts. The substrate binds to the enzyme’s active site and is transformed into a product. Enzymes typically exhibit substrate specificity, meaning each enzyme usually acts only on a particular substrate.
Inorganic compounds
Inorganic compounds are chemical compounds that do not have carbon as their basic framework. These compounds either lack carbon atoms altogether or consist of simple carbon compounds (such as CO2 and CaCO3).
DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase is an enzyme that uses single-stranded nucleic acid as a template to catalyze the synthesis of a DNA strand with a complementary base sequence. It functions primarily during DNA replication and repair.
Sphingolipids
Sphingolipids are lipids that have sphingoid as a common backbone in their long-chain base component. They are the second most abundant lipid constituting biological membranes, and are involved in signal transduction in the body.
Aldehyde group
Aldehyde group is a functional group consisting of a carbon atom single-bonded to any other group, double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and single-bonded to a hydrogen atom, at the end of the carbon chain in a compound. A general term for organic compounds with aldehyde groups is aldehyde.
Carboxy group
Carboxy group is a functional group consisting of a carbon atom single-bonded to any other group, double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and single-bonded to a hydroxy group, at the end of the carbon chain in a compound. Reduction of the carboxy group results in a hydroxy or aldehyde group.