Age spots are spots that tend to form with age and are caused by ultraviolet radiation. They often appear on areas frequently exposed to sunlight, such as the face, arms, and backs of the hands. The spots vary in shape and size, and are characterized by brown spots with well-defined borders.
The functions of the skin to prevent external stimuli and foreign substances, such as allergy-causing substances, bacteria, and viruses, from entering the skin and to prevent evaporation of water from the body are referred to as the skin barrier function. The skin of atopic dermatitis is naturally prone to dryness, and because the skin barrier function is impaired, it is unable to prevent foreign substances from entering the skin, causing inflammation, itching, eczema, and other symptoms.
A compound composed of iron and porphyrin. It combines with the protein globin to form hemoglobin. Hemoglobin transports oxygen to the body when iron molecules in heme combine with oxygen molecules.
Type I collagen is the most abundant collagen in the body. It helps form bones and skin, providing them with elasticity.
Collagen is a protein that makes up skin and hair. In humans, it accounts for about 30% of all proteins. There are a many types, each with its own unique properties.
Laminitis is a disease in which the lamina foliacea inside the hoof becomes inflamed and necrotic, causing the hoof bone to separate from the hoof wall. The inflammation of the lamina foliacea is caused by an obstruction of blood circulation. Horses are heavy and it is difficult to stop the progression of the disease, which can be a factor in euthanasia if the acute condition leaves the horse functionally impaired.
Hydroquinone is a type of aromatic compound widely known as a skin depigmentation agent. It works by inhibiting the activity of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin production, thereby reducing the formation of melanin.
Quinones are a type of organic compound characterized by a structure in which some of the double bonds in a benzene ring are oxidized and replaced by ketone groups. Quinones play a crucial role in electron transport systems and redox reactions within the body.
Biliverdin is a green pigment produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin. When red blood cells reach the end of their lifespan and are broken down, biliverdin is generated in the process. Biliverdin is further metabolized into bilirubin, a yellow pigment.
Enzymes are a type of protein that facilitate chemical reactions occurring within the bodies of living organisms. Through their catalytic action, they enhance the efficiency of biochemical reactions and exhibit specificity, reacting only with certain substances. Additionally, enzymes are environmentally dependent, meaning their activity can be activated or deactivated by environmental factors such as temperature and pH.
